Zipangizo zopanda chitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto ndi monga pulasitiki, rabala, zomatira zomatira, zipangizo zokangana, nsalu, galasi, ndi zina. Zipangizozi zimakhudza magawo osiyanasiyana a mafakitale monga mafuta, mafakitale opepuka, nsalu, ndi zipangizo zomangira. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda chitsulo m'magalimoto ndi chizindikiro cha mgwirizano.mphamvu zachuma ndi ukadaulo, ndipo zimaphatikizaponso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chitukuko cha ukadaulo ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitale ogwirizana.
Pakadali pano, ulusi wagalasiZipangizo zophatikizidwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto zimaphatikizapo thermoplastics zolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi (QFRTP), thermoplastics zolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi (GMT), sheet molding compounds (SMC), resin transfer molding materials (RTM), ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi manja za FRP.
Chitsulo chachikulu cha ulusi wagalasiMapulasitiki opangidwa ndi chitsulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto pakadali pano ndi polypropylene yolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi (PP), polyamide yolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi 66 (PA66) kapena PA6, ndipo pang'ono, zipangizo za PBT ndi PPO.
Zipangizo zolimbitsa PP (polypropylene) zimakhala zolimba komanso zolimba kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zawo zamakaniko zimatha kukonzedwa kangapo, ngakhale kangapo. PP yolimbitsa imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana.monga mipando yaofesi, mwachitsanzo m'mipando ya ana yokhala ndi kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo ndi mipando yaofesi; imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mafani a axial ndi centrifugal mkati mwa zida zoziziritsira monga mafiriji ndi ma air conditioner.
Zipangizo zolimbikitsidwa za PA (polyamide) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'magalimoto onyamula anthu komanso amalonda, makamaka popanga zida zazing'ono zogwirira ntchito. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zophimba zoteteza matupi a loko, ma wedge a inshuwaransi, mtedza wophatikizidwa, ma pedal a throttle, ma gear shift guard, ndi zogwirira zotsegulira. Ngati zipangizo zomwe wopanga magawo asankha ndi zosakhazikikaubwino, njira yopangira si yoyenera, kapena zinthuzo sizinaume bwino, zingayambitse kusweka kwa zigawo zofooka mu chinthucho.
Ndi automPopeza makampani ambiri akufuna zinthu zopepuka komanso zosawononga chilengedwe, makampani akunja opanga magalimoto akudalira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za GMT (glass mat thermoplastics) kuti akwaniritse zosowa za zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kulimba kwa GMT, nthawi yochepa yopangira zinthu, kupanga bwino kwambiri, ndalama zochepa zogwiritsira ntchito, komanso kusawononga zinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwa zipangizo za m'zaka za m'ma 2000. GMT imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mabulaketi ogwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, mabulaketi a dashboard, mafelemu a mipando, zoteteza injini, ndi mabulaketi a batri m'magalimoto okwera anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Audi A6 ndi A4 zomwe zimapangidwa ndi FAW-Volkswagen zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za GMT, koma sizinapange zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira m'deralo.
Kukweza mtundu wonse wa magalimoto kuti agwirizane ndi milingo yapamwamba yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikukwaniritsaPochepetsa kulemera, kuchepetsa kugwedezeka, komanso kuchepetsa phokoso, mayunitsi apakhomo achita kafukufuku pa njira zopangira ndi kuumba zinthu za GMT. Ali ndi mphamvu zopangira zinthu za GMT zambiri, ndipo mzere wopanga womwe umatulutsa matani 3000 pachaka wa GMT wamangidwa ku Jiangyin, Jiangsu. Opanga magalimoto apakhomo akugwiritsanso ntchito zipangizo za GMT popanga mitundu ina ndipo ayamba kupanga mayeso ambiri.
Mapepala omangira mapepala (SMC) ndi pulasitiki yofunika kwambiri yolimbitsa thermosetting yomwe imapangidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi. Chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake abwino, kuthekera kwake kopanga zinthu zambiri, komanso kuthekera kwake kufika pamalo apamwamba, yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchitoZipangizo zakunja za SMC mumakampani opanga magalimoto zapita patsogolo kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa SMC m'magalimoto kuli m'ma body panels, zomwe zimapangitsa 70% ya momwe SMC imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Kukula kwachangu kwambiri kuli m'zigawo za kapangidwe kake ndi zida zotumizira. M'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi, kugwiritsa ntchito SMC m'magalimoto kukuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka ndi 22% mpaka 71%, pomwe m'mafakitale ena, kukula kudzakhala 13% mpaka 35%.
Mkhalidwe wa Ntchitondi Zochitika Zachitukuko
1. Chomera chagalasi cholimba cha fiber reinforced sheet molding compound (SMC) chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzinthu zomangira magalimoto. Choyamba chinawonetsedwa m'zigawo zomangira pa mitundu iwiri ya Ford (E)xplorer ndi Ranger) mu 1995. Chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito ake ambiri, ambiri amaona kuti ili ndi ubwino pa kapangidwe kake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'ma dashboard a magalimoto, makina owongolera, makina otenthetsera ma radiator, ndi makina amagetsi.
Mabulaketi apamwamba ndi apansi opangidwa ndi kampani yaku America ya Budd amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi wa 40% mu polyester yosakhuta. Kapangidwe ka kutsogolo kameneka ka zidutswa ziwiri kamakwaniritsa zofunikira za ogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo mbali yakutsogolo ya chipinda chapansi imatambasukira patsogolo.Chidebecho chimakhazikika pa denga lakutsogolo ndi kapangidwe ka thupi lakutsogolo, pomwe bulaketi lakumunsi limagwira ntchito limodzi ndi makina oziziritsira. Mabulaketi awiriwa amalumikizidwa ndipo amagwirizana ndi denga la galimoto ndi kapangidwe ka thupi kuti akhazikitse mbali yakutsogolo.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za SMC (low-density Sheet Molding Compound): SMC (low-density SMC) ili ndi mphamvu yokokay ya 1.3, ndipo ntchito ndi mayeso ogwiritsidwa ntchito asonyeza kuti ndi yopepuka ndi 30% kuposa SMC yokhazikika, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yokoka ya 1.9. Kugwiritsa ntchito SMC yocheperako kungachepetse kulemera kwa ziwalo ndi pafupifupi 45% poyerekeza ndi zigawo zofanana zopangidwa ndi chitsulo. Mapanelo onse amkati ndi mkati mwa denga latsopano la Corvette '99 model ndi General Motors ku USA amapangidwa ndi SMC yocheperako. Kuphatikiza apo, SMC yocheperako imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazitseko zamagalimoto, ma hood a injini, ndi zivindikiro za trunk.
3. Ntchito zina za SMC m'magalimoto, kupitirira ntchito zatsopano zomwe zatchulidwa kale, zikuphatikizapo kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyanaZigawo zina za ku America. Izi zikuphatikizapo zitseko za cab, denga lopumira mpweya, mafupa a bumper, zitseko zonyamula katundu, zophimba dzuwa, mapanelo a thupi, mapaipi otulutsa madzi padenga, zingwe zam'mbali za galimoto, ndi mabokosi a magalimoto, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapanelo akunja a thupi. Ponena za momwe ntchito ikuyendera m'nyumba, poyambitsa ukadaulo wopanga magalimoto apaulendo ku China, SMC idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba m'magalimoto apaulendo, makamaka m'magawo a matayala owonjezera ndi mafupa a bumper. Pakadali pano, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'magalimoto amalonda pazinthu monga mbale zophimba chipinda cha strut, matanki okulitsa, zolumikizira liwiro la mzere, magawo akuluakulu/ang'onoang'ono, ma assemblies a air intake shroud, ndi zina zambiri.
Zinthu Zopangira GFRPMagalimoto a Leaf Springs
Njira ya Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) imaphatikizapo kukanikiza utomoni mu nkhungu yotsekedwa yokhala ndi ulusi wagalasi, kenako ndikuwumitsa kutentha kwa chipinda kapena ndi kutentha.Njira ya ng Compound (SMC), RTM imapereka zida zosavuta zopangira, kuchepetsa mtengo wa nkhungu, komanso mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri a zinthuzo, koma ndizoyenera kupanga zinthu zapakatikati ndi zazing'ono zokha. Pakadali pano, zida zamagalimoto zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya RTM kunja kwa dziko lapansi zakulitsidwa mpaka zophimba thupi lonse. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ku China, ukadaulo wa RTM wopanga zida zamagalimoto ukadali mu gawo lopanga ndi kufufuza, kuyesetsa kufikira pamlingo wopanga zinthu zofanana zakunja pankhani ya kapangidwe ka makina opangira, nthawi yokonza, ndi zomwe zatsirizidwa. Zigawo zamagalimoto zomwe zimapangidwa ndikufufuzidwa mdziko muno pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya RTM zikuphatikizapo magalasi amoto, zipata zakumbuyo, zoyatsira moto, madenga, mabampala, ndi zitseko zokweza kumbuyo zamagalimoto a Fukang.
Komabe, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mwachangu komanso moyenera njira ya RTM pamagalimoto, chofunikiraKukonzanso kwa zipangizo zopangira zinthu, kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a zinthu, miyezo yowunikira, komanso kukwaniritsa malo a A-grade ndi nkhani zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa makampani opanga magalimoto. Izi ndi zofunikanso kuti RTM igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri popanga zida zamagalimoto.
Chifukwa chiyani FRP
Malinga ndi opanga magalimoto, FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) ndi enaZipangizo zake, ndi chinthu china chokongola kwambiri. Potengera SMC/BMC (Sheet Molding Compound/Bulk Molding Compound) mwachitsanzo:
* Kusunga kulemera
* Kuphatikiza kwa zigawo
* Kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe
* Ndalama zochepa kwambiri
* Zimathandizira kuphatikiza machitidwe a antenna
* Kukhazikika kwa miyeso (kuchuluka kochepa kwa kukula kwa kutentha kofanana ndi chitsulo)
* Imasunga magwiridwe antchito apamwamba a makina pa kutentha kwambiri
Yogwirizana ndi E-coating (kujambula pakompyuta)
Oyendetsa magalimoto akuluakulu amadziwa bwino kuti kukana mpweya, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kukoka, kwakhala vuto lalikulu nthawi zonse.Malo akuluakulu akutsogolo kwa magalimoto akuluakulu, malo okwera kwambiri, ndi mathireyala ooneka ngati sikweya zimapangitsa kuti azivutika kwambiri ndi mpweya.
Kulimbana ndiKukana mpweya, komwe mosakayikira kumawonjezera katundu wa injini, liwiro likathamanga, kukana kumakhala kwakukulu. Kuwonjezeka kwa katundu chifukwa cha kukana mpweya kumabweretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri. Pofuna kuchepetsa kukana kwa mphepo komwe magalimoto amakumana nako komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, mainjiniya achita zinthu mopupuluma. Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe a aerodynamic a kanyumba, zida zambiri zawonjezedwa kuti zichepetse kukana kwa mpweya pa chimango ndi kumbuyo kwa ngolo. Kodi zipangizozi zimapangidwira kuti zichepetse kukana kwa mphepo pa magalimoto akuluakulu ndi ziti?
Zotulutsira Denga/Mbali
Denga ndi zopinga m'mbali zimapangidwa makamaka kuti mphepo isagunde mwachindunji bokosi la katundu looneka ngati sikweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wambiri uziyenda bwino pamwamba ndi m'mbali mwa ngoloyo, m'malo mokhudza kutsogolo kwa njirayo.er, zomwe zimayambitsa kukana kwakukulu. Zopinga zokhotakhota komanso kutalika koyenera zimatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kukana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ngolo.
Masiketi a M'mbali mwa Galimoto
Ma siketi am'mbali pa galimoto amathandiza kusalala mbali zonse za chassis, kuzilumikiza bwino ndi thupi la galimotoyo. Zimaphimba zinthu monga matanki a gasi oikidwa m'mbali ndi matanki amafuta, zomwe zimachepetsa malo awo akutsogolo omwe amakumana ndi mphepo, motero zimathandiza kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino popanda kuyambitsa chisokonezo.
Bumpe yotsikar
Bampala yotsika imachepetsa mpweya wolowa pansi pa galimotoyo, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kukana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukangana pakati pa chassis ndi galimotoyo.mpweya. Kuphatikiza apo, ma bamper ena okhala ndi mabowo otsogolera samangochepetsa kukana kwa mphepo komanso amatsogolera mpweya kupita ku ma brake drums kapena ma brake discs, zomwe zimathandiza kuziziritsa dongosolo la braking la galimoto.
Zoyeretsera Mbali za Bokosi la Katundu
Zopinga zomwe zili m'mbali mwa bokosi la katundu zimaphimba gawo la mawilo ndipo zimachepetsa mtunda pakati pa chipinda chonyamula katundu ndi pansi. Kapangidwe kameneka kamachepetsa mpweya wolowa kuchokera m'mbali mwa galimotoyo. Chifukwa chakuti zimaphimba gawo la mawilo, izi zimatetezaMa ctors amachepetsanso kugwedezeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa matayala ndi mpweya.
Choyeretsera Kumbuyo
Yopangidwa kuti isokonezePoyendetsa ma vortice a mpweya kumbuyo, zimathandiza kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino, motero zimachepetsa mphamvu ya mpweya.
Ndiye, ndi zipangizo ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zotchingira ndi zophimba pa malole? Kuchokera pa zomwe ndapeza, pamsika wopikisana kwambiri, fiberglass (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti pulasitiki yolimbikitsidwa ndi magalasi kapena GRP) imakondedwa chifukwa cha kupepuka kwake, mphamvu zake zambiri, kukana dzimbiri, komanso rkuyenerera pakati pa katundu wina.
Fiberglass ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi ndi zinthu zake (monga nsalu yagalasi ya ulusi, mphasa, ulusi, ndi zina zotero) ngati chowonjezera, ndipo utomoni wopangidwa ndi ulusi umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu cha matrix.
Zophimba/Zophimba za Fiberglass
Europe inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito fiberglass m'magalimoto kuyambira mu 1955, ndi mayeso pa matupi a STM-II. Mu 1970, Japan idagwiritsa ntchito fiberglass kupanga zophimba zokongoletsera zamawilo agalimoto, ndipo mu 1971 Suzuki adapanga zophimba za injini ndi ma fender kuchokera ku fiberglass. Mu 1950, UK idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito fiberglass, m'malo mwa nyumba zakale zachitsulo ndi matabwa, monga zomwe zinali mu For.d S21 ndi magalimoto a mawilo atatu, zomwe zinabweretsa kalembedwe katsopano komanso kosakhwima kwambiri pamagalimoto a nthawi imeneyo.
Ku China, ena mAkatswiri opanga zinthu agwira ntchito yaikulu popanga magalimoto a fiberglass. Mwachitsanzo, FAW idapanga bwino zophimba mainjini a fiberglass ndi ma cabins okhala ndi mphuno yathyathyathya, opindika pamwamba kale kwambiri. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za fiberglass m'magalimoto apakatikati ndi olemera ku China kuli kofala kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mainjini okhala ndi mphuno yayitali.Zophimba, mabampara, zophimba kutsogolo, zophimba padenga la nyumba, masiketi am'mbali, ndi zophimba. Dongguan Caiji Fiberglass Co., Ltd., yemwe ndi wopanga zophimba m'nyumba, amapereka chitsanzo chabwino pa izi. Ngakhale nyumba zina zazikulu zapamwamba zogona m'magalimoto otchuka aku America okhala ndi mphuno yayitali zimapangidwa ndi fiberglass.
Wopepuka, wamphamvu kwambiri, dzimbiri-yolimba, yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto
Chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika, nthawi yochepa yopangira, komanso kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe kake, zipangizo za fiberglass zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magalimoto akuluakulu. Mwachitsanzo, zaka zingapo zapitazo, magalimoto akuluakulu anali ndi kapangidwe kosangalatsa komanso kolimba, ndipo kapangidwe kake kakunja kanali kosazolowereka. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa misewu yayikulu yapakhomo, yomweh idalimbikitsa kwambiri mayendedwe ataliatali, kuvutika kupanga mawonekedwe apadera a kabati kuchokera ku chitsulo chonse, mtengo wokwera wa kapangidwe ka nkhungu, komanso mavuto monga dzimbiri ndi kutuluka kwa madzi m'nyumba zolumikizidwa ndi mapanelo ambiri zidapangitsa opanga ambiri kusankha fiberglass yopangira zophimba denga la kabati.
Pakadali pano, magalimoto ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito fiZipangizo zagalasi zogwiritsira ntchito zophimba kutsogolo ndi mabampara.
Fiberglass imadziwika ndi kupepuka kwake komanso mphamvu zake zambiri, ndipo kukhuthala kwake kumakhala pakati pa 1.5 ndi 2.0. Izi ndi pafupifupi kotala mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a kukhuthala kwa chitsulo cha kaboni ndipo ngakhale kotsika kuposa aluminiyamu. Poyerekeza ndi chitsulo cha 08F, fiberglass yokhuthala ya 2.5mm ili ndimphamvu yofanana ndi chitsulo chokhuthala cha 1mm. Kuphatikiza apo, fiberglass imatha kupangidwa mosinthasintha malinga ndi zosowa, zomwe zimapereka umphumphu wabwino komanso kupanga bwino kwambiri. Imalola kusankha njira zosinthira kutengera mawonekedwe, cholinga, ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthucho. Njira yopangira ndi yosavuta, nthawi zambiri imafuna gawo limodzi lokha, ndipo zinthuzo zimakhala ndi kukana dzimbiri. Zimatha kupirira nyengo, madzi, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma acid, maziko, ndi mchere. Chifukwa chake, magalimoto ambiri pakadali pano amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za fiberglass popanga mabampara akutsogolo, zophimba kutsogolo, masiketi am'mbali, ndi zotchingira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-02-2024
